Investigating the epidemiological relevance of secretory otitis media and neighboring organ diseases through an Internet search.

Background: This study examined the epidemiological correlations between secretory otitis media (SOM) and diseases of neighboring organs. We measured changes in disease incidences during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic using Internet big data spanning from 2011 to 2021. Methods: This study used the Baidu Index (BI) to determine the search volume for the terms "secretory otitis media (SOM)", "tonsillitis", "pharyngolaryngitis", "adenoid hypertrophy (AH)", "nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC)", "nasal septum deviation (NSD)", "rhinosinusitis", "allergic rhinitis (AR)", and "gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)" in Mandarin from January 2011 to December 2021. The correlations between these terms were analyzed using Spearman's correlation coefficients. The results were compared search data from 2019 and 2021 to assess the effects of isolation on SOM in 2020. Results: The seasonal variations trends of SOM and other diseases coincided well (P < 0.05), except for AR. During the 11-year timeframe, the monthly searches for rhinosinusitis, NSD, tonsillitis, pharyngolaryngitis, and NPC were statistically correlated with SOM (R = 0.825, 0.594, 0.650, 0.636, 0.664, respectively; P < 0.05). No correlation was found between SOM and AR, SOM and AH, or SOM and GERD (R =  - 0.028, R = 0.259, R = 0.014, respectively, P > 0.05). The total search volumes for SOM, rhinosinusitis, NPC, and AH decreased in 2020 compared to 2019. Discussion: SOM exhibited a discernible epidemiological connection with rhinosinusitis, nasal septal deviation (NSD), tonsillitis, pharyngolaryngitis, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). A decrease in public gatherings was observed to effectively reduce the incidences of SOM. This underscores the pivotal role of social measures in influencing the prevalence of SOM and emphasizes the intricate interplay between SOM and various associated health factors, with implications for public health strategies.

Preventive Interventions to Reduce the Burden of Rheumatic Heart Disease in Populations at Risk: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is a devastating yet preventable condition that disproportionately affects low-middle-income countries and indigenous populations in some high-income countries. Various preventive interventions have been implemented across the globe, but evidence for the effectiveness of these measures in reducing the incidence or prevalence of acute rheumatic fever and RHD is scattered. This systematic review aims to assess the effectiveness of preventive interventions and identify the strategies used to reduce the burden of RHD. METHODS AND RESULTS: A comprehensive search was conducted to identify relevant studies on RHD prevention interventions including interventions for primordial, primary, and secondary prevention. Effectiveness measures for the interventions were gathered when available. The findings indicate that school-based primary prevention services targeting the early detection and treatment of Group A Streptococcus pharyngitis infection with penicillin have the potential to reduce the incidence of Group A Streptococcus pharyngitis and acute rheumatic fever. Community-based programs using various prevention strategies also reduced the burden of RHD. However, there is limited evidence from low-middle-income countries and a lack of rigorous evaluations reporting the true impact of the interventions. Narrative synthesis was performed, and the methodological quality appraisal was done using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tools. CONCLUSIONS: This systematic review underscores the importance of various preventive interventions in reducing the incidence and burden of Group A Streptococcus pharyngitis, acute rheumatic fever, and RHD. Rigorous evaluations and comprehensive analyses of interventions are necessary for guiding effective strategies and informing public health policies to prevent and reduce the burden of these diseases in diverse populations. REGISTRATION: URL: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/; Unique identifier: CRD42020170503.

Descriptive and comparative analysis of mucocutaneous manifestations in patients with dengue fever: A prospective study.

BACKGROUND: Dengue is an arbovirosis affecting nearly 4 billion people worldwide. Since 2018, dengue has been re-emerging in Reunion Island. The incidence of mucocutaneous manifestations varies according to the studies and is generally called 'rash'. OBJECTIVES: To assess the prevalence of different mucocutaneous symptoms and describe the characteristics of patients developing these symptoms and the clinical signs associated with severe dengue. METHODS: A prospective study was conducted in 2019 at the University Hospital of La Réunion, in patients presenting a positive PCR for dengue. Descriptive analyses were performed. All cases in the prospective study were examined by a dermatologist. RESULTS: A total of 163 cases were included. The prevalence of mucocutaneous signs was 80.4%. A pruritus was reported in 33.7% cases, an erythematous rash in 29.4% and a mouth involvement including lip, tongue, cheek, angular cheilitis, pharyngitis, mouth ulcer and gingivitis in 31.3%. Most of symptoms appeared in the first days, but some of them could disappear only after the 3rd week. Mucocutaneous signs were not associated with a severe dengue fever (p = 0.54), but ecchymotic purpura was (p = 0.037). In multivariate analysis, skin involvement was associated with flu-like syndrome (headache, pharyngitis, rachis pain) and patient required rehydration but not invasive reanimation. CONCLUSION: This work confirms the high prevalence of skin symptoms in dengue disease, but also their wide diversity. The mucocutaneous involvement of dengue fever appears to be accompanied by a pronounced flu-like syndrome in people without severity, but careful examination to identify ecchymotic purpura or sign of dehydration in the mucous membranes would better identify cases that may worsen.

Successful complementary therapy with traditional Chinese medicine in a patient with Qi and Jin deficiency symptoms from adult-onset Still's disease: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD) is a rare yet well-documented polygenic and systemic autoinflammatory disease characterized by recurrent spiking fever, transient skin rash, arthralgia, and sore throat. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) holds a significant role in complementary and alternative medicine. This study presents a unique case of a female AOSD patient with concurrent Qi and fluid deficiency syndrome who received combined treatment with formulated Zhu Ye Shi Gao Decoction (ZYSGD). CASE PRESENTATION: In this case, a 28-year-old female patient presented with a 15-day history of fever and skin rash accompanied by sore throat, fatigue, myalgia, and arthralgia. Additionally, leucocytosis, aminotransferase abnormalities, and elevated inflammatory factor levels were observed. Infectious diseases, solid tumors, and hematological disorders were all ruled out. Anti-infective treatments proved ineffective, leading to the final diagnosis of AOSD. Glucocorticoid therapy provided only partial relief. Consequently, formulated ZYSGD and hepatoprotective drugs were added to the glucocorticoid treatment. Subsequently, the patient's symptoms and inflammatory biomarkers showed improvement. After discharge, the patient's condition remained stable while continuing the formulated ZYSGD in combination with 4 mg of Medrolol (qd) during a 10-month follow-up period. CONCLUSION: This case report suggests that formulated ZYSGD could be a viable option for complementary and alternative therapy for late-stage AOSD, especially in cases involving both Qi and body fluid imbalances.

Sore throat as the herald of spontaneous pneumomediastinum.

This report emphasizes the need of investigating spontaneous pneumomediastinum in adolescent patients who have unusual respiratory symptoms by describing a rare case of it in a 16-year-old guy. Although the first symptom exhibited resemblance to common respiratory infections, a full physical assessment disclosed important markers, eventually establishing the diagnosis by imaging. Medical workers should consider spontaneous pneumomediastinum as a possible diagnosis, especially when symptoms overlap with those of more common illnesses, as illustrated by this example. Detecting subtle clinical signs, such as the presence of palpable crepitus in the neck area, can greatly aid in the timely and accurate diagnosis of medical disorders, reducing the chances of incorrect diagnoses and ensuring appropriate treatment. Our work significantly contributes to the understanding and awareness of spontaneous pneumomediastinum in pediatric patients, with the ultimate aim of improving patient treatment.

Clinical features associated with pulmonary exacerbation diagnosis in infants and young children with cystic fibrosis.

RATIONALE: Diagnosing cystic fibrosis (CF) pulmonary exacerbations (PEx) in very young people with CF <3 years (VY-PwCF) is challenging because of the frequency of respiratory viral infections in this age group, and there are limited data on the clinical features associated with the diagnosis of PEx in this age group. The goal of this study was to identify clinical features associated with the diagnosis of PEx in VY-PwCF. METHODS: We reviewed the medical records of VY-PwCF followed at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia born between 2013 and 2019. We collected data from all encounters with respiratory symptoms. PEx was defined by treatment with oral or intravenous antibiotics. Clinical features of PEx and non-PEx encounters were compared using descriptive statistics, and odds ratios of PEx diagnosis were calculated. RESULTS: A total of 78 patients were included in the analysis. The mean (SD) number of PEx per patient was 6.17 (5.88). The presence of a wet or nighttime cough and symptoms >3 days in duration were significantly associated with PEx diagnosis (p < .001). In contrast, symptoms such as sore throat or rhinorrhea were not associated with a higher likelihood of PEx. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of a wet or night-time cough and longer symptom duration are common features of PEx in VY-PwCF, whereas symptoms suggestive of upper respiratory viral infection are not. Our results will be helpful in counseling families of VY-PwCF in the signs and symptoms of PEx and in planning future research in PEx in this age group.

NLRP12-associated autoinflammatory disease in Chinese adult patients: a single-centre study.

BACKGROUND: NLRP12-associated autoinflammatory disease (NLRP12-AID) is an autosomal dominant autoinflammatory disorder caused by variants of NLRP12 gene. We aimed to report a cohort of Chinese adult patients with NLRP12-AID and summarised phenotypes and genotypes. METHODS: Twenty patients were diagnosed with NLRP12-AID after performing whole-exome sequencing and were included in our cohort. Demographic information, clinical data and treatment response were collected and evaluated. A literature review of NLRP12-AID was performed, and the clinical features and mutated sites were summarised and compared with our cohort. RESULTS: Among the 20 NLRP12-AID patients, the main clinical features of NLRP12-AID included fever, cutaneous rash, arthralgia/arthritis, pharyngitis/tonsillitis, lymphadenopathy, myalgia and abdominal pain/diarrhoea. Thirteen NLRP12 variants were detected as F402L, G39V, R1030X, R7G, E24A, Q90X, A218V, A259V, W581X, G729R, R859W, c.-150T>C and c.*126G>C. Glucocorticoids were used in 14 patients, immunosuppressive agents in 13, and tocilizumab in 2. Seventeen patients had good responses to therapy. When compared with 50 NLRP12-AID patients from other countries, Chinese patients had fewer variants in exon 3, higher incidences of cutaneous rash, pharyngitis/tonsillitis and lymphadenopathy. Among all these 70 NLRP12-AID patients, patients carrying non-exon-3 variants had higher frequencies of ocular involvement, pharyngitis/tonsillitis, headache and lymphadenopathy than those with exon-3 variants. CONCLUSION: This is the largest cohort of NLRP12-AID in the world and seven novel variants of NLRP12 were identified. Chinese adult patients of NLRP12-AID had more non-specific symptoms such as pharyngitis/tonsillitis and lymphadenopathy when compared with patients from other countries, for which the less occurrence of exon-3 variants might be one possible reason.

Periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis, and cervical adenitis recurrence temporally associated with allergen-specific immunotherapy in a female adolescent: a case report.

Periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis, and cervical adenitis (PFAPA) syndrome is the most common periodic fever syndrome in pediatric patients. It is clinically characterized by fever flares lasting 3-7 days, reappearing every 2-8 weeks with a distinctive clockwork regularity. PFAPA generally begins before 5 years of age and usually ceases 3-5 years after onset. Recurrences may be observed in adolescence and adulthood in up to 20% of cases. The authors aim to describe a case of PFAPA recurrence in adolescence temporally associated with allergen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT). A 16-year-old female patient was referred to the rheumatology unit due to recurrent episodes of fever one month after initiating ASIT for allergic rhinitis. These episodes occurred every 4 weeks and lasted 3 days. During these episodes, she also presented with a sore throat, tonsillar exudates, and cervical lymphadenopathy. Abortive treatment with oral prednisolone was attempted in these episodes, with complete resolution of fever after a single dose. After reviewing her medical background, she had previously experienced febrile episodes accompanied by aphthous ulcers and tonsillar exudates occurring every 7-8 weeks from age 2-7. The etiopathogenesis of PFAPA remains uncertain. Environmental triggers, particularly those with immunomodulator effects, may interfere with the immune responses responsible for PFAPA occurrence, but the mechanisms are still unclear. The authors describe the first report of the reappearance of PFAPA flares, possibly due to ASIT. Further studies are needed to fully clarify if ASIT constitutes a true environmental trigger of PFAPA.

Derivation and validation of four patient clusters in Still's disease, results from GIRRCS AOSD-study group and AIDA Network Still Disease Registry.

BACKGROUND: Different patient clusters were preliminarily suggested to dissect the clinical heterogeneity in Still's disease. Thus, we aimed at deriving and validating disease clusters in a multicentre, observational, prospective study to stratify these patients. METHODS: Patients included in GIRRCS AOSD-study group and AIDA Network Still Disease Registry were assessed if variables for cluster analysis were available (age, systemic score, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C reactive protein (CRP) and ferritin). K-means algorithm with Euclidean metric and Elbow plot were used to derive an adequate number of clusters. RESULTS: K-means clustering assessment provided four clusters based on means standardised according to z-scores on 349 patients. All clusters mainly presented fever, skin rash and joint involvement. Cluster 1 was composed by 115 patients distinguished by lower values of age and characterised by skin rash myalgia, sore throat and splenomegaly. Cluster 2 included 128 patients identified by lower levels of ESR, ferritin and systemic score; multiorgan manifestations were less frequently observed. Cluster 3 comprised 31 patients categorised by higher levels of CRP and ferritin, they were characterised by fever and joint involvement. Cluster 4 contained 75 patients derived by higher values of age and systemic score. Myalgia, sore throat, liver involvement and life-threatening complications, leading to a high mortality rate, were observed in these patients. CONCLUSIONS: Four patient clusters in Still's disease may be recognised by a multidimensional characterisation ('Juvenile/Transitional', 'Uncomplicated', 'Hyperferritinemic' and 'Catastrophic'). Of interest, cluster 4 was burdened by an increased rate of life-threatening complications and mortality, suggesting a more severe patient group.

Antimicrobial treatment of ENT infections.

Ear, nose and throat (ENT) or upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) are the most common infections in children and the leading causes of antibiotic prescriptions. In most cases, these infections are due to (or are triggered by) viruses and even when bacterial species are implicated, recovery is usually spontaneous. The first imperative is to refrain from prescribing antibiotics in a large number of URTIs: common cold, most cases of sore throat, laryngitis, congestive otitis, and otitis media with effusion. On the contrary, a decision to treat sore throats with antibiotics is based primarily on the positivity of the Group A Streptococcus (GAS) rapid antigen diagnostic tests. For ear infections, only (a) purulent acute otitis media in children under 2 years of age and (b) complicated or symptomatic forms of purulent acute otitis media (PAOM) in older children should be treated with antibiotics. Amoxicillin is the first-line treatment in the most cases of ambulatory ENT justifying antibiotics. Severe ENT infections (mastoiditis, epiglottitis, retro- and parapharyngeal abscesses, ethmoiditis) are therapeutic emergencies necessitating hospitalization and initial intravenous antibiotic therapy.

Spinal Epidural Abscess and Strep Pharyngitis.

Spinal epidural abscesses (SEA) require prompt diagnosis to avoid devastating consequences. Here, we discuss the case of a healthy 20-year-old college student-with a recent diagnosis of strep pharyngitis-who presented with neck pain, fever, and a neurologic deficit-the most common symptoms of SEA. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a T1-postcontrast, peripherally enhancing epidural collection from C3-T5 with associated cord compression and T3 osteomyelitis. The patient was treated with emergent skip hemilaminectomies for abscess evacuation. Surgical cultures grew Fusobacterium necrophorum, a highly unusual pathogen in SEA. It is an oral anaerobe that translocated through the mucosa in the setting of strep pharyngitis. We treated the patient with ceftriaxone for 6 weeks. The patient had a full neurologic recovery and remains without recurrence of infection 11 months postoperatively. Healthy patients without obvious risk factors may present with SEA, highlighting the need for atypical cases such as these to be brought to clinicians' attention.

Risk factors for deep neck infection in patients with sore throat and neck pain.

BACKGROUND: Deep neck infection (DNI) is a potentially life-threatening disease because infections spread quickly, causing se-rious complications. Therefore, more attention is needed than other neck infections, but there are many difficulties due to isolation guidelines in the period of coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. We investigated the early predictability of DNI through patient symptoms at the first emergency department encounter. METHODS: This was a retrospective study of patients with suspected soft-tissue neck infections from January 2016 to February 2021. Symptoms were retrospectively analyzed in fever, foreign body sensation, chest discomfort/pain, submandibular pain, odynopha-gia, dysphagia, voice change, and severe pain. Furthermore, baseline characteristic data, laboratory findings, and pre-vertebral soft-tissue (PVST) thickness were evaluated. DNI and other neck infections were diagnosed through computed tomography. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine the independent factors for predicting DNI. RESULTS: In the 793 patients included in the study, 267 (33.7%) were diagnosed with DNI, and 526 (66.3%) were diagnosed with other soft-tissue neck infections. In the comparison between the two groups, C-reactive protein (CRP), sodium, PT (INR), foreign body sensation, chest discomfort/pain, submandibular pain, odynophagia, dysphagia, severe pain, and PVST thickness showed statisti-cally significant differences. Independent factors for predicting DNI were severe pain (odds ratio: 6.336 [3.635-11.045], p<0.001), for-eign body sensation (odds ratio: 7.384 [2.776-19.642], p<0.001), submandibular pain (odds ratio: 4.447 [2.852-6.932], p<0.001), and dysphagia (odds ratio: 52.118 [8.662-313.588], p<0.001) among symptoms and CRP (odds ratio: 1.034 [1.004-1.065], p=0.026) and PT (INR) (odds ratio: 29.660 [3.363-261.598], p=0.002) in laboratory tests. PVST thickness at C2 (odds ratio: 1.953 [1.609-2.370], p<0.001) and C6 level (odds ratio: 1.179 [1.054-1.319], p=0.004) was also shown as an independent variable for prediction. CONCLUSION: Among patients with sore throat or neck pain, patients with dysphagia, foreign body sensation, severe pain, and submandibular pain are more likely to have DN. DNI can cause serious complications; therefore, patients with the above symptoms should be closely observed due to the potential for significant complications.

Adult-onset Periodic Fever, Aphthous Stomatitis, Pharyngitis and Cervical Adenitis Syndrome Responsive to Colchicine.

We herein report a rare case of periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and cervical adenitis (PFAPA) syndrome that occurred in an 18-year-old man. He visited our hospital with recurrent episodes of a fever, pharyngitis and adenitis without suggestive findings of infection. These episodes resolved within 5 days and recurred quite regularly, with an interval of about 30 days. As the febrile episodes significantly impaired his quality of life, he was treated with colchicine (0.5 mg) as prophylaxis. This completely prevented the episodes during six months of follow-up. Colchicine may therefore be effective in cases of adult-onset PFAPA syndrome.

Over-the-counter and direct-to-consumer testing for Group A streptococcus.

Over-the-counter (OTC) and direct-to-consumer (DTC) tests have been gaining popularity due to their potential to provide accurate and quick diagnostic results without any test order from healthcare professionals, while providing patients the opportunity to actively engage in their own health management. Group A streptococcus is a common transmissible pathogen that leads to acute pharyngitis. Accurate and timely diagnosis of Group A streptococcus pharyngitis is critical to urge patients to seek professional healthcare, to support antibiotic stewardship, to reduce disease transmission, and to prevent rare but potentially life-threatening complications such as acute rheumatic fever, rheumatic heart disease, and poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. This review provides an overview for OTC and DTC testing in general, discusses the clinical utilization of Group A streptococcus testing, analyzes the limitations and challenges of current Group A streptococcus testing methodologies if developed into OTC or DTC tests. Finally, this review provides an outlook for future developments that would further improve healthcare outcomes.

Forget-me-not: Lemierre's syndrome, a case report.

Background: Familiarity breeds complacency. One case of sore throat can start to sound like another. However, even common viral and bacterial infections can lead to serious sequelae. Clinicians cannot make a diagnosis if they do not consider it in their differential.Case: The presentation - and subsequent hospitalization - of a septic 19 year-old male college student is described. Despite brief interval improvement, he became hypoxic one week after developing a sore throat and was ultimately diagnosed with Lemierre's syndrome (septic thrombophlebitis of the internal jugular vein) via blood cultures and advanced imaging.Conclusions: Though rare, Lemierre's syndrome carries a high mortality rate. It should be considered an emergent complication of head and neck infections, particularly in young adults.

Heterotopic Gastric Mucosa in the Proximal Esophagus: Prospective Study and Systematic Review on Relationships with Endoscopic Findings and Clinical Data.

Cervical inlet patches (CIP) are common endoscopic findings with uncertain pathogenesis and clinical significance. We aimed to perform a systematic review and prospective study of clinical data and endoscopic findings related to CIP. It was a prospective single-center study conducted between 10/01/2017 and 9/01/2018. Forty patients with histopathologically confirmed CIP were compared with 222 individuals in the reference group. The systematic review was executed in accordance with the PRISMA guideline. Alcohol consumption tended to be higher among patients with CIP (3.0 ± 4.6 vs. 1.9 ± 5.0 standard drinks/week CIP patients and reference group, respectively; p < 0.001). Dysphagia was more frequent among patients with CIP (25% vs. 1.4%, CIP patients and reference group, respectively; p < 0.001), and sore throat and hoarseness were less frequent in patients with CIP (17.5% vs. 26.6% CIP patients and reference group, respectively; p < 0.01). In the multivariate regression analysis, the only risk factor of CIP occurrence was dysphagia (OR 21.9, 95%CI 4.9-98.6; p < 0.001). Sore throat and hoarseness were a reverse-risk factor of CIP diagnosis (OR 0.3, 95%CI 0.1-0.93; p = 0.04). Clinical data and coexisting endoscopic findings were not related to CIP. In the presented study, dysphagia was related to CIP occurrence, and sore throat and hoarseness tended to be less frequent among patients with CIP.